Have updated and explanation in the conf file below.

#  Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux / Centos
# 
#  For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled.  See sysctl(8) and
#  sysctl.conf(5) for more details.

#  Controls IP packet forwarding
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

#  Controls source route verification
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

#  Do not accept source routing
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

#  Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0

#  Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
#  Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1

#  Controls the use of TCP syncookies
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 0

#  Disable netfilter on bridges.
# net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
# net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
# net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0

#  Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736

#  Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages
kernel.shmall = 4294967296


# net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_max = 256000
# net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established = 54000


########################################################################################
#                  _                                       _   _                   __   # 
#                 | |                                     | | | |                 / _|  # 
#    ___ _   _ ___| |_ ___  _ __ ___    ___ _   _ ___  ___| |_| |  ___ ___  _ __ | |_   # 
#   / __| | | / __| __/ _ \| '_ ` _ \  / __| | | / __|/ __| __| | / __/ _ \| '_ \|  _|  # 
#  | (__| |_| \__ \ || (_) | | | | | | \__ \ |_| \__ \ (__| |_| || (_| (_) | | | | |    # 
#   \___|\__,_|___/\__\___/|_| |_| |_| |___/\__, |___/\___|\__|_(_)___\___/|_| |_|_|    # 
#                                            __/ |                                      # 
#                                           |___/                                       # 
#   Added by : zahmed 
########################################################################################

#  Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue
kernel.msgmnb = 100000

#  Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes
kernel.msgmax = 100000

# net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 1024000
# net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_generic_timeout = 120

#  "Performance Scalability of a Multi-Core Web Server", Nov 2007
#  Bryan Veal and Annie Foong, Intel Corporation, Page 4/10

#  fs.file-max : http://www.cyberciti.biz/files/linux-kernel/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt
#  The value in file-max denotes the maximum number of file-
#  handles that the Linux kernel will allocate. When you get lots
#  of error messages about running out of file handles, you might
#  want to increase this limit.
fs.file-max = 2097152


#  pid_max: http://www.cyberciti.biz/files/linux-kernel/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
#  PID allocation wrap value.  When the kernel's next PID value
#  reaches this value, it wraps back to a minimum PID value.
#  PIDs of value pid_max or larger are not allocated.
#  kernel.pid_max = 2097152

#  http://www.cyberciti.biz/files/linux-kernel/Documentation/sysctl/net.txt
#  rmem_default
#  The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.
# 
net.core.rmem_default = 1048576

#  rmem_max
#  The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes.
# 
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216

#  wmem_default
#  The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.
# 
net.core.wmem_default = 1048576


#  wmem_max
#  The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216

#  optmem_max
# 
#  Maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket. Ancillary data is a sequence
#  of struct cmsghdr structures with appended data.
net.core.optmem_max = 25165824

#  somaxconn - INTEGER
# 	Limit of socket listen() backlog, known in userspace as SOMAXCONN.
# 	Defaults to 128.  See also tcp_max_syn_backlog for additional tuning
#  	for TCP sockets.
net.core.somaxconn = 65536

#  netdev_max_backlog
#  ------------------ 
#  Maximum number  of  packets,  queued  on  the  INPUT  side, when the interface
#  receives packets faster than kernel can process them.
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 65536

#  tcp_moderate_rcvbuf - BOOLEAN
#  	If set, TCP performs receive buffer auto-tuning, attempting to
#  	automatically size the buffer (no greater than tcp_rmem[2]) to
#  	match the size required by the path for full throughput.  Enabled by
#  	default.
net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf = 0

#  rp_filter - INTEGER
#  	0 - No source validation.
#  	1 - Strict mode as defined in RFC3704 Strict Reverse Path
#  	    Each incoming packet is tested against the FIB and if the interface
#  	    is not the best reverse path the packet check will fail.
#  	    By default failed packets are discarded.
#  	2 - Loose mode as defined in RFC3704 Loose Reverse Path
#  	    Each incoming packet's source address is also tested against the FIB
#  	    and if the source address is not reachable via any interface
#  	    the packet check will fail.
#  
#  	Current recommended practice in RFC3704 is to enable strict mode
#  	to prevent IP spoofing from DDos attacks. If using asymmetric routing
#  	or other complicated routing, then loose mode is recommended.
#  
#  	The max value from conf/{all,interface}/rp_filter is used
#  	when doing source validation on the {interface}.
#  
#  	Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable it
#  	in startup scripts.
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1


#  ip_local_port_range - 2 INTEGERS
#  	Defines the local port range that is used by TCP and UDP to
#  	choose the local port. The first number is the first, the
#  	second the last local port number. Default value depends on
#  	amount of memory available on the system:
#  	> 128Mb 32768-61000
#  	< 128Mb 1024-4999 or even less.
#  	This number defines number of active connections, which this
#  	system can issue simultaneously to systems not supporting
#  	TCP extensions (timestamps). With tcp_tw_recycle enabled
#  	(i.e. by default) range 1024-4999 is enough to issue up to
#  	2000 connections per second to systems supporting timestamps.
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535

#  tcp_congestion_control - STRING
#  	Set the congestion control algorithm to be used for new
#  	connections. The algorithm "reno" is always available, but
#  	additional choices may be available based on kernel configuration.
#  	Default is set as part of kernel configuration.
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control = bic

#  tcp_ecn - BOOLEAN
#  	Enable Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) in TCP. ECN is only
#  	used when both ends of the TCP flow support it. It is useful to
#  	avoid losses due to congestion (when the bottleneck router supports
#  	ECN).
#  	Possible values are:
#  		0 disable ECN
#  		1 ECN enabled
#  		2 Only server-side ECN enabled. If the other end does
#  		  not support ECN, behavior is like with ECN disabled.
#  	Default: 2
net.ipv4.tcp_ecn = 0

#  tcp_max_syn_backlog - INTEGER
#  	Maximal number of remembered connection requests, which are
#  	still did not receive an acknowledgment from connecting client.
#  	Default value is 1024 for systems with more than 128Mb of memory,
#  	and 128 for low memory machines. If server suffers of overload,
#  	try to increase this number.
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 100000

#  tcp_max_orphans - INTEGER
#  	Maximal number of TCP sockets not attached to any user file handle,
#  	held by system.	If this number is exceeded orphaned connections are
#  	reset immediately and warning is printed. This limit exists
#  	only to prevent simple DoS attacks, you _must_ not rely on this
#  	or lower the limit artificially, but rather increase it
#  	(probably, after increasing installed memory),
#  	if network conditions require more than default value,
#  	and tune network services to linger and kill such states
#  	more aggressively. Let me to remind again: each orphan eats
#  	up to ~64K of unswappable memory.

net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 262144

#  tcp_max_tw_buckets - INTEGER
#  	Maximal number of timewait sockets held by system simultaneously.
#  	If this number is exceeded time-wait socket is immediately destroyed
#  	and warning is printed. This limit exists only to prevent
#  	simple DoS attacks, you _must_ not lower the limit artificially,
#  	but rather increase it (probably, after increasing installed memory),
#  	if network conditions require more than default value.
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 2000000

#  tcp_sack - BOOLEAN
# 	Enable select acknowledgments (SACKS).
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1

#  tcp_timestamps - BOOLEAN
# 	Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

#  tcp_fin_timeout - INTEGER
#  	Time to hold socket in state FIN-WAIT-2, if it was closed
#  	by our side. Peer can be broken and never close its side,
#  	or even died unexpectedly. Default value is 60sec.
#  	Usual value used in 2.2 was 180 seconds, you may restore
#  	it, but remember that if your machine is even underloaded WEB server,
#  	you risk to overflow memory with kilotons of dead sockets,
#  	FIN-WAIT-2 sockets are less dangerous than FIN-WAIT-1,
#  	because they eat maximum 1.5K of memory, but they tend
#  	to live longer.	Cf. tcp_max_orphans.
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10

#  tcp_slow_start_after_idle - BOOLEAN
#  	If set, provide RFC2861 behavior and time out the congestion
#  	window after an idle period.  An idle period is defined at
#  	the current RTO.  If unset, the congestion window will not
#  	be timed out after an idle period.
#  	Default: 1
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0

#  tcp_mem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, pressure, max
#  	min: below this number of pages TCP is not bothered about its
#  	memory appetite.
#  
#  	pressure: when amount of memory allocated by TCP exceeds this number
#  	of pages, TCP moderates its memory consumption and enters memory
#  	pressure mode, which is exited when memory consumption falls
#  	under "min".
#  
#  	max: number of pages allowed for queueing by all TCP sockets.
#  
#  	Defaults are calculated at boot time from amount of available
#  	memory.
# net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 30000000 30000000 30000000
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 65536 131072 262144

#  tcp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
#  	min: Minimal size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
#  	It is guaranteed to each TCP socket, even under moderate memory
#  	pressure.
#  	Default: 8K
#  
#  	default: initial size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
#  	This value overrides net.core.rmem_default used by other protocols.
#  	Default: 87380 bytes. This value results in window of 65535 with
#  	default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0 and a bit
#  	less for default tcp_app_win. See below about these variables.
#  
#  	max: maximal size of receive buffer allowed for automatically
#  	selected receiver buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
#  	net.core.rmem_max.  Calling setsockopt() with SO_RCVBUF disables
#  	automatic tuning of that socket's receive buffer size, in which
#  	case this value is ignored.
#  	Default: between 87380B and 4MB, depending on RAM size.
# net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 30000000 30000000 30000000
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 8192 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.udp_rmem_min = 16384

#  tcp_wmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
#  	min: Amount of memory reserved for send buffers for TCP sockets.
#  	Each TCP socket has rights to use it due to fact of its birth.
#  	Default: 4K
#  
#  	default: initial size of send buffer used by TCP sockets.  This
#  	value overrides net.core.wmem_default used by other protocols.
#  	It is usually lower than net.core.wmem_default.
#  	Default: 16K
#  
#  	max: Maximal amount of memory allowed for automatically tuned
#  	send buffers for TCP sockets. This value does not override
#  	net.core.wmem_max.  Calling setsockopt() with SO_SNDBUF disables
#  	automatic tuning of that socket's send buffer size, in which case
#  	this value is ignored.
#  	Default: between 64K and 4MB, depending on RAM size.
# net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 30000000 30000000 30000000
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 8192 65536 16777216

#  max_map_count:
#  
#  This file contains the maximum number of memory map areas a process
#  may have. Memory map areas are used as a side-effect of calling
#  malloc, directly by mmap and mprotect, and also when loading shared
#  libraries.
#  
#  While most applications need less than a thousand maps, certain
#  programs, particularly malloc debuggers, may consume lots of them,
#  e.g., up to one or two maps per allocation.
#  
#  The default value is 65536.
vm.max_map_count = 262144

#  optionally, avoid TIME_WAIT states on localhost no-HTTP Keep-Alive tests:
#     "error: connect() failed: Cannot assign requested address (99)"
#  On Linux, the 2MSL time is hardcoded to 60 seconds in /include/net/tcp.h:
#  # define TCP_TIMEWAIT_LEN (60*HZ)
#  The option below is safe to use:

#  tcp_tw_reuse - BOOLEAN
#  	Allow to reuse TIME-WAIT sockets for new connections when it is
#  	safe from protocol viewpoint. Default value is 0.
#  	It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
#  	experts.
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1

#  tcp_tw_recycle - BOOLEAN
# 	Enable fast recycling TIME-WAIT sockets. Default value is 0.
# 	It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
# 	experts.
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle= 1

##  Increase backlog for UNIX sockets.

#  max_dgram_qlen - INTEGER
# 	The maximum length of dgram socket receive queue
#    Default: 10
net.unix.max_dgram_qlen = 100

#  ip_nonlocal_bind - BOOLEAN
# 	If set, allows processes to bind() to non-local IP addresses,
# 	which can be quite useful - but may break some applications.
# 	Default: 0
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1

#  `net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries` 
#  Number of times SYNACKs for a passive TCP connection attempt will be retransmitted. 
#  Should not be higher than 255. Default value is 5, which corresponds to ~180seconds.
#  Number of times SYNACKs for passive TCP connection.
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2

#  tcp_syn_retries - INTEGER
#  	Number of times initial SYNs for an active TCP connection attempt
#  	will be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value
#  	is 5, which corresponds to ~180seconds.
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2	

#  min_free_kbytes:
#  
#  This is used to force the Linux VM to keep a minimum number
#  of kilobytes free.  The VM uses this number to compute a
#  watermark[WMARK_MIN] value for each lowmem zone in the system.
#  Each lowmem zone gets a number of reserved free pages based
#  proportionally on its size.
#  
#  Some minimal amount of memory is needed to satisfy PF_MEMALLOC
#  allocations; if you set this to lower than 1024KB, your system will
#  become subtly broken, and prone to deadlock under high loads.
#  
#  Setting this too high will OOM your machine instantly.
vm.min_free_kbytes = 65536

More information:

  • https://engineering.gosquared.com/optimising-nginx-node-js-and-networking-for-heavy-workloads
  • http://www.cyberciti.biz/files/linux-kernel/Documentation/sysctl/net.txt
  • http://www.cyberciti.biz/files/linux-kernel/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt
  • http://www.cyberciti.biz/files/linux-kernel/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
  • http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-kernel-etcsysctl-conf-security-hardening/